Letter Discrimination Claim Against Women s Centre

INTERNAL MEMORANDUM FROM: XXX Trainee TO: Charles Cavendish REFERENCE: Discrimination Claim CLIENT NAME: May Baloch CLIENT MATER: Discrimination Claim against Women’s Centre I am writing in reply to the query you sent about a client named May Baloch who applied for a job as a counsellor at the local women’s centre. She was well qualified for the job, but at the interview the manager said they were looking for someone from Pakistan. She did eventually find a job two weeks later, which paid the same salary. However, she feels upset that she didn’t get the job and that there could be a claim against the women’s centre (WC). Her claim is best placed under a direct discrimination claim against the WC. Under section 13 (1) of the Equality Act 2010, direct discrimination occurs when a person (A) discriminates against another (B) if, because of a protected characteristic, A treats B less favourably than A treats or would treat others. To succeed in a direct discrimination claim against the WC Mary would have to prove on the facts that: The WC carried out an unlawful act based on a protected characteristic: Under section 4 of The Equality Act (EqA) 2010 a protected characteristic is defined as age; disability; gender reassignment; marriage and civil partnership; pregnancy and maternity; race; religion or belief; sex; sexual orientation. EqA 2010 s. 9 (1) defines race as including ‘colour, nationality, and ethnic or national origins’. In the case of Mary Baloch theShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Chris Ofili s No Woman No Cry 1697 Words   |  7 Pagesdepict black women from the chest upwards. No Woman, No Cry(fig 1) is a large, complex layered painting that depicts a crying black woman set in a background amongst various abstract patterns. The black woman is shown in profile wearing blue eye shadow, red lipstick, a string of coloured beads that form a necklace, the jewel of her necklace represented by ball of elephant dung frequently used in Ofili’s paintings. A stream of tears falls from her eyes, which all feature in their centre a very smallRead MoreCatholic Churc h Views Of Ordaining Women Essay1896 Words   |  8 PagesCATHOLIC CHURCH VIEWS OF ORDAINING WOMEN Sexism in the Catholic Church Abstract The purpose of this brief is to provide you with an overview of how the Catholic Church view women being ordained in the church. The views are based on the traditional and doctrinal references that the Catholic religion is based on. The views are from various resources such as the Roman Catholic Church in the Vatican, Pope John Paul II, and the newly elected Pope Benedict XVI. The views described in this briefRead MoreWomen Employment in India7222 Words   |  29 PagesGENDER DISCRIMINATION (Women employment in China and India) Sunida Singh Expo36@gmail.com 082 WE FORGET TO TAKE A PHOTO TOGETHER ^ ^ TABLE OF CONTENT Introduction3 Gender discrimination4 Global Women Employment6 Women Employment in China†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦11 Women Employment in India14 * Labor force trends amp; legislation†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 * Management†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..16 * Changing Work Place†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦17 Successful case to promote women employment AVONRead MoreEvidence-Informed Practice: an Evaluation of the David Bennett Inquiry Report3537 Words   |  15 Pagesof social work practice; arguably, it is difficult to apply EIP to all of social work, for instance: advocacy, making referrals and managing resources (Mathews and Crawford, 2012). Webber (2011, p.3) states that ‘We feel that it is problematic to claim social work has its own unique knowledge base’; although social work practise entails many elements of expertise such as knowledge, theory and the legal context of social work, their foundations may not originate in social work. Nevo (2011, p.1)Read MoreEssay on Guidance for Centres and Course Tutors11209 Words   |  45 PagesAwarding Organisation Guidance for Centres and Course Tutors CIOB Level 3 Diploma in Site Supervisory Studies (QCF) CIOB Level 4 Certificate in Site Management (QCF) CIOB Level 4 Diploma in Site Management (QCF) January 2014 CONTENTS Page No. 1. Introduction 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Qualifications Overview Qualifications and Credit Framework (QCF) The CIOB Awarding Organisation Management Committee (AOMC) Course Administration 2. Centre Support 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3.1 Read MoreHistory of Common Law9609 Words   |  39 PagesHISTORY OF COMMON LAW | STATUTORY FRAMEWORK * Great Britain (E/W/S) * United Kingdom (GB + NI) * British Islands (UK + Isle of Man + Channel Isles) ENGLISH LAW = The legal system of England and Wales (â€Å"the laws of England and Wales† from 1967). These laws mainly deal with issues of property, theft, inheritance, money†¦ The legal system of England and Wales is the basis of most legal systems in the Commonwealth and the US (except Louisiana). THREE MAJOR LEGAL SYSTEMS IN THE WORLD Read MoreHND Business Human resource management5390 Words   |  22 Pagesorganization to gain competitive advantage. HRM is a more strategic and proactive form whereas personnel management is a reactive. Human Resources Management has been considered as the strategic and logical approach to the management of an organization s most valued. The personnel management has functions which are conventional and systematic whereas HRM deals with innovative ideas and are committed to enforcing better business conditions. Personnel management has evolved from being an independentRead MoreSociology of Childhood3671 Words   |  15 Pageschanged lots over the years. Nurseries and other provisions are all guided by a current understanding of what is the best for children and how they learn. This view has changed frequently over the years. For example: Truby King, writing in the 1930’s, stated that science showed that children should be brought up with the utmost regularity (with the advice of Benjamin Spock). He stated that babies should be fed on time, put out in the fresh air for regular amounts of time, and never indulged. AlthoughRead MoreAlice Malsenior6001 Words   |  25 Pagesthat are often silenced. Far from the traditional image of the artist, she has sought what amounts to a personal relationship with her readers. She has also taken positions of passionate advocacy, most notably in her campaign against ritual genital mutilation of young women, a practice still institutionalized in many parts of the world, as well as the fight for equal rights for African Americans. Her writing has been praised around the world, increasing its profound impact on literature, social andRead MoreHindi Nibandh on Advantages of Mobile and Disadvantage17790 Words   |  72 Pages1954, a Bombay economist named A.D. Shroff began a Forum of Free Enterprise, whose ideas on economic development were somewhat at odds with those then influentially articulated by the Planning Commission of the Government of India. Shroff complained against the ‘indifference, if not discouragement’ with which the state treated entrepreneurs. At the same time as Shroff, but independently of him, a journalist named Philip Spratt was writing a series of essays in favour of free enterprise. Spratt was a

10 Years Beyond The Role of Biomedical Computing in...

10 Years Beyond: The Role of Biomedical Computing in Future Health Care If one were asked to predict the future of medicine a decade ago, I am certain only the most optimistic of people may have gotten a few predictions right. The future of health care which is based of countless variables is difficult to predict but one thing is for certain that computation will one of the most crucial aspects of its progress. Be it diagnosis or treatment computational algorithms are ubiquitous. Advances in electronics and computer science are immediately being used for betterment of health care and solve its current problems such as high costs, disintegrated care and human errors. With personal electronics faithfully in keeping the Moore’s law†¦show more content†¦Health care has already seen the acute reduction in the cost of sampling individual genomes. Following this reduction in cost will inevitably lead to more scalable technologies for recording and sampling parts of genetic information further enriching the world wide database of information. This will promote the availability of unique sample cases of genetic anomalies at the disposal of researchers around the world facilitating smoother research in diseases of a genetic origin. Recent advances in epigenetics are also helping develop a better understanding of how specific genes manifest themselves in affecting physical characteristics. The scientists will surely look to better manipulate these characteristics. Computer aided diagnosis (CAD) will likely see more advancements even though the day that CAD systems overrule the judgements of the physician seem far away. Computer aided diagnosis systems are algorithms are use to mark regions of diagnostic images that might have a specific abnormality to alert Physicians. These systems use neural networks that learn and improve when provided with more information. A centralized database of case studies will allow not only more data for CAD programs to base their decision on but also expedite the development of new and improved programs. Availability of more information will help increase scrutiny on predictions ofShow MoreRelated10 Years Beyond: The Role of Biomedical Computing in Future Health Care835 Words   |  4 PagesE. Moore, 1965: Cramming more components onto integrated circuits), it was stated that the number of transistors (an electronic component according to which the processing and memory capabilities of a microchip is measured) w ould double every 2 years. This prediction held true even when man ushered in the new millennium. We have gone from computers that could perform one calculation in one second to a super-computer (the one at Oak Ridge National Lab) that can perform 1 quadrillion (1015) mathematicalRead MoreEssay on The History and Future of Cyborgs2740 Words   |  11 Pagesin the 1973 television series The six million dollar man. In this time, music also played a role in the popularizing the Cyborg - with an entire generation being familiar with the term. Kraftwerk (1981). â€Å"ComputerWorld†; Billy Idol (1993). â€Å"Cyberpunk†; The Prodigy (1995). Music For The Jilted Generation; Underworld (2007). Oblivion With Bells. Mark Weiser coined the phrase ubiquitous computing in 1988 as he envisioned computers embedded in walls, tabletops, and in everyday objects. WhileRead MoreMergers Acquisitions in Pharma Industry21425 Words   |  86 Pagesworld, has had a presence in India since 1924, and is a leading pharmaceutical company in the country today, employing more than 20,000 people. GSK India is organized into three business segment: Pharmaceuticals the predominant business, Agrivet Farm care and Qualigens Fine Chemicals. In this Research paper, discussions have been focused on the merger between Glaxo Wellcome and SmithKline Beecham pharmaceutical company. The activities and reasons behind the merger, benefits of merger and the implicationsRead MoreMedicare Policy Analysis447966 Words   |  1792 PagesI 111TH CONGRESS 1ST SESSION H. R. 3962 To provide affordable, quality health care for all Americans and reduce the growth in health care spending, and for other purposes. IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES OCTOBER 29, 2009 Mr. DINGELL (for himself, Mr. RANGEL, Mr. WAXMAN, Mr. GEORGE MILLER of California, Mr. STARK, Mr. PALLONE, and Mr. ANDREWS) introduced the following bill; which was referred to the Committee on Energy and Commerce, and in addition to the Committees on EducationRead MoreDissertation Proposal on Managing Diversity of Workforce18916 Words   |  76 Pagesprofile of the workforce is undergoing quite a change insofar as the representation of generations and the result is that organizations are experiencing a necessity to make changes as well. The workforce will become increasingly more diverse in the future and this greatly affects the organization in its capacity of hiring and retaining employees. The literature reviewed within this study illustrates the fact that the expectations of employees differ within the generations represented in today’s workforceRead MoreDamodaran Book on Investment Valuation, 2nd Edition398423 Words   |  1594 PagesINVESTMENT VALUATION: SECOND EDITION I will be putting my entire second edition online, while the book goes through the printing process - it will be available at the end of the year. This may seem like a bit of a free lunch, and I guess it is. I hope, though, that you can do me a favor as you go through the manuscript. If you find any mistakes - mathematical or grammatical - could you please let me know? It would help me ensure that the typos do not find their way into the final version. ChapterRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages06881 A Member of the Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. www.lu.com Printed in the United States of America The paper used in this book complies with the Permanent Paper Standard issued by the National Information Standards Organization (Z39.48-1984). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 To our grandchildren Annika, Jacob, Katherine, Madison, Magnus, and Molly Contents Illustrations . . . . . Preface . . . . . . . . . Acknowledgments . The Web Site . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Read MoreQuality Improvement328284 Words   |  1314 PagesServices Composition Services: Aptara, Inc. This book was typeset in 10/12 Times by Aptara, Inc., and printed and bound by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The cover was printed by R. R. Donnelley (Jefferson City). The paper in this book was manufactured by a mill whose forest management programs include sustained yield harvesting of its timberlands. Sustained yield harvesting principles ensure that the number of trees cut each year does not exceed the amount of new growth. This book is printed onRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 Pagespublisher. Thomson Higher Education 10 Davis Drive Belmont, CA 94002-3098 USA For more information about our products, contact us at: Thomson Learning Academic Resource Center 1-800-423-0563 For permission to use material from this text or product, submit a request online at http://www.thomsonrights.com. Any additional questions about permissions can be submitted by e-mail to thomsonrights@thomson.com. Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 10 09 08 07 ExamView  ® and ExamView

Kraft Colors Side Partnership With Crayola â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Kraft Colors Side Partnership With Crayola? Answer: Introduction Logistics Management is identified as one of the most advanced topics which is helpful in providing assistance for improvement in the supply chain. With the help of logistics not only the larger organizations, but the smallest organizations are also getting beneficial improvement as well. Logistics Management is identified as one of the advanced term to face the competitive environment. The concept of logistics is introduced to maintain the continuous flow and maintenance of the pre-defined steps identified in the transfer of material from one place to another. The Crayola industry is first initiated by Edward Binny and Harold Smith in year 1885.From its earliest days, Crayola is recognized as one of the specific team players in the field of color industry. The Crayola is continually adapting and taking forward for specific strategies for making innovative color combination. The organization believes in technical innovation, consumer satisfaction and valued products. The organization is also famous for implementing the concept of Go-Green and Corporate Social Responsibility in the organization. The report mainly covers various sections which are named as the interface in which the production, marketing, finance and accounting sections are included. Apart from this, the Order Delivery and inventory management are helpful in designing the order and inventory related to the Crayola products. The report has also covered with suitable recommendations and conclusion to support the additional improvement. Interface The interface phase is identified as one of the most specific phases in production related to any organization. To provide assistance in understanding this phase, some of the specific steps are mentioned on a wider scale. Being the logistics manager, it is essential to highlight the major aspects related to the organization(Crayola, LLC, 2014). Production The production indicates specific production of crayons in different colors and designs. As the organization trusts on the green and recycling of the products, so by this the wide range of products gets manufacture on an organizational level. The large amount of products and services are designed for the customers. These are considered as crayons and markers which are manufactured with solar power, markers made with recycled plastics, colored pencils made with specific reforested wood and other different type of products with natural resources. All these products hold the great support and services on a definite level. To manage specific production cycle, the Crayola also looks forward for the organized and supportive system. There are some purchase commitment guidelines which may be helpful in making the purchasing easier and comfortable. The capacity planning and purchasing with the suppliers in manufacturing will be helpful in throwing the light on the specific process related to the production management (Hanner, 2016). Marketing The marketing is the other different aspects related to the organization. The Crayola possesses the strong strategy for kicking of the new venture in the current market. Through this market strategy and promotion of the new products in the market, the specific output can be originated. There are various patterns and skills which can be used for promotion of marketing. These are defined below in the form of different paragraphs. The first method is the use of social media through which upcoming products can be designed properly. Through these methods of marketing, it could become easier to promote products in a definite manner. The Facebook can be able to provide a facility for the kids so that they can get attracted more. The two facilities are Jazz up photos with LIV Crayola and the second one is Design your own Crayola design. By this, the consumers can get attracted more towards services and marketing product design of Crayola (Chen, 2015). The second major step design for the marketing is targeting teen girls for making products more live and high selling. To increase the sale of the product, it is essential to come up with innovative ideas for teen girls. The advertisements are designed in such a manner, so that the maximum usage of crayons can be managed easily. The domain of marketing plays most peculiar role in the improvement of the products and logistics. Accounting According to Tedd Minnnini, specific design and coloring scheme of the crayon colors is established with the help of definite material and services. These services can be managed through the proper accounting system. The accounting system of the organization is quite organized and responsive. To manage the logistics in a definite direction, it is essential to organize the accounting system related to the organization. The wide range of tools and services are mentioned in the Crayola through which the accounts can be managed easily. Finance Apart from accounting, there are various tools and services which are managed for finance process. The financial management tools are identified at a definite level, so that it could become easier to manage specific services. The division of the expenses and management of the resources also includes some financial assistance. This may also be planned by the finance department of the organization. Apart from this, the maintenance of logistics and inventory can also be identified with the help of finance resources (Kennedy, 2012). Order Cycle Every organization possesses its specific order-cycle, by which the orders can be fulfilled. The order cycle of Crayola shows variations while delivering a specific set of order. To make the order perfect and to deliver it from one place to another, it is essential to look forward for the specific production cycle. The production cycle indulges various steps which are explained below: The organization mainly started by Binney and Smith from the carbon black and now the crayons get converted and recognized as an innovative achievement. There are various colors and perfumes which make the quality of crayons most specific and organized. Apart from this, the organization also offers colors in different shapes and sizes, through which it gets easier to attract the young ones (Tindle, 2013). The crayon colors are formed from paraffin wax which is delivered to the organization by the rail corporation of the country. At the same time, the colors are soft as well as rigid. To provide a specific shape and essence to color to the different perfumes and natural colors is required for making the colors more effective and bright in an organic way. To provide assistance for delivery of colors to different parts of America, there are various modes of delivery identified. The delivery can be done either by managing the logistics or identifying online fulfillment of the requirement raise by the consumers (Pyzdek, 2015). The order cycle for the organization can be completed either directly from the organization or the vendors can be able to provide the surplus amount of colorful packages to the users. From Nursery to K-12, a wide range of the color support system is provided which may be helpful in developing most specific coloring concept to a wider level. This coloring concept not only generates a specific coloring scheme, but may also be helpful in supporting the kids in eco-friendly manner (Crayola, LLC, 2014). For managing delivery of crayons, the organization also introduced the concept of Crayola Color cycles. The Crayola color cycle is the concept by which the schools from North America introduced the process of eco-friendly colors through which maximum utilization of color can be done. The Crayola color cycle is identified as the most innovative process in the profile of crayons making organization. Through this color-making cycle, the kids are getting the surplus amount of services related to the improvement and development (Ostrander, 2011). Apart from this, for managing the order cycle the organization has their outlets and personal kiosks through which supply chain and logistics can be managed at a definite level. In fact, to fulfill the requirement of the consumers on an international level, the order delivery cycle is framed and organized in an improved and well structured manner. Inventory Management Inventory management is considered as one of the major steps which may be helpful in managing the products on an optimum level (The University of Western Ontario, 2003).. When there is a shortage of products and the demand get increases for the specific product at that time, an effective process of inventory management system is essentially required then. As, Crayola is identified as one of the known brand names in providing the most required products. So, it is essential for the organization to maintain stock for completing the demands of the schools as well as current market. Crayola also maintains raw material on a larger level. To manage the raw material, like paraffin wax, cartons, ink, clay, labels and plastic components, the warehouse and storage system is highly required. The separate storage and maintenance system is required for managing the raw material. Through this, the production is not affected at an initial level. The wide range of raw material and storage system is required for managing the continuous flow of the crayon making organization. Apart from this, on an average Crayola provides customers with 1500 products which nearly required 110$ for security and management. Similarly, the customers of different areas also wants same stock at the same time. During this phase, it becomes quite difficult for the organization to fulfill the demands of consumers. For making a comfort level high among the customers, the Crayola makes arrangement for a year, which costs very high. The average inventory value for the corolla is nearly 110 million dollars and according to division, it is 25%. So, it is essential for Crayola to look forward to the more advanced approach. The wide range of duplicate capacities is required for the Crayola on an initial level. These duplicate capacities run in the form of third party, which will be helpful in providing the suitable guiding process. Though the organization is already successful in providing the best output related to the production and manufacturing (Xu, Xu, Liu, 2014). But, to improve an existing scenario, some recommendations are defined at a wider level. These recommendations are identified as one of the source of improvement and specific services. The first recommendation is the management of logistics in a suitable manner. The flow should be managed in the correct direction, so that the maximum amount of products can be supplied easily. Secondly, the organizations have to come up with few innovative approaches, so that the maximum utilization of the products can be done. It is also recommended that the inventory management system also comes up with the recognized identity. This will be helpful in providing proper assistance and improvement in the services. The above explanation of the inventory management may be helpful in improving the existing structure a lot (Cambridge, 2016) Conclusion The above piece of work is successful in delivering the logistics management process in Crayola. Being the logistics manager, it is my moral responsibility to understand the basic approaches or requirements related to the organization and then come with few innovative approaches. But, simultaneously the role of effective logistics management is also essential in completing the process of transfer of products from one place to another. The logistics management itself covers a wide area in which different sub parts or sections are included. To manage the logistics, different supporting aspects and process are required. As, Crayola is considered as one of the famous organizations for making crayons, so it is essential for the organization to distribute products on local as well as on an international level. In this scenario, the need of a strong logistics management system is realized. The logistics management system will be helpful in providing the proper assistance in all major steps related to the logistics. While managing the logistics, there are various issues which are closely observed. These issues are related to the inventory, order cycle and many more (Crain Abraham, 2008). To provide a specific set of assistance, effective and recurring planning in Crayola is managed on a wider level. The recommendation also plays a specific role in providing assistance. The areas for improvement are also defined with the help of recommendations. So, it is essential to apply the innovative approaches to achieve the definite type of target. References Chen, J. (2015, March). Color Outside The Lines With These Crayola-Themed Dresses. Retrieved from https://www.pastemagazine.com/articles/2015/03/color-outside-the-lines-with-these-crayola-themed.html Crain, D., Abraham, S. (2008). Using value-chain analysis to discover customers strategic needs. Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Retrieved from https://s93063416.onlinehome.us/iloveaccounting/614/Crain-and-Abraham-2008.pdf Crayola, LLC. (2014). What Crayola Looks For In A Supplier. Retrieved from https://www.crayola.com/support/~/media/80FBB7457B6D493A80ED4FE400674795.ashx Hanner, J. (2016). Case Study: Crayola - A Bright And Colorful Future With Park City Group. Kennedy, S. (2012, July). Kraft colors outside the lines in partnership with Crayola. Retrieved from https://www.dairyfoods.com/articles/88674-kraft-colors-outside-the-lines-in-partnership-with-crayola Ostrander, A. (2011). The expansion of a retail chain: An analysis of Walmart. Retrieved from https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc68027/m2/1/high_res_d/thesis.pdf Pyzdek, T. (2015, June). Seeing Excellence in Full Color With Crayolas Quality Team: Lean Six Sigma Makes a Difference! Retrieved from https://sixsigmatraining.com/leading-six-sigma/seeing-excellence-in-full-color-with-crayolas-quality-team-lean-six-sigma-makes-a-difference.html The University of Western Ontario. (2003). Supply chain management at Wal-Mart. IVEY. Retrieved from https://profesores.ing.unab.cl/~gbadillo/archivos/cursos/management-information-systems/Case%20Study%20/Wal-Mart%20Supply%20Chain.pdf Tindle, K. (2013, January). Copy of Life Cycle - Crayola Crayons. Retrieved from https://prezi.com/0k16udtsb-mn/copy-of-life-cycle-crayola-crayons/ Xu, L., Xu, Q., Liu, X. (2014). Wal-Mart and Carrefours Supply Chain Management Strategies in China. International Journal of Business and Management, 9(7), 1-7. Retrieved from https://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ijbm/article/viewFile/36002/21302

Effects of Early girl child marriage free essay sample

Today child marriage are fairly wide spread in developing areas of the world, especially in Africa, South Asia, South east and East Asia, West Asia, Latin America and Oceania. The incidence rates of child marriage have been falling in most parts of the world. The five nations with the highest observed rates of child marriages in the world, below THE AGE OF 18, ARE Niger, Chad, Mali, Bangladesh and Guniea. The top three nations with greater than 20% rates of child marriages below the age of 15 are Niger, Bangladesh and Guniea. As many as 1 in 3 girls in developing areas of the world are married before reaching the age of 18 and in estimated 1 in 9 girls in developing countries are married by age of 15. One of the most common causes of death for girls 15 to 19 in developing countries was pregnancy and child birth comparing these statistical facts to rate of early marriage in Nigeria, shows that the practice is not as rampant there, as other parts of Africa and the world that practice it in Nigeria, it still takes place in some pats of the country especially the Northern parts and this according to survey is still one of the major factors feeling poverty in Nigeria. In early child marriage, a girl child is being pressured or sometimes forced into marriage. Child marriages are viewed within a context of force and coercion, involving pressure and emotional blackmail, and children that lack the choice or capacity to give their full consent Osward L. (2009), it is relevant to study the major causes and effects of early marriage in order to enlighten people about the dangers in contracting such marriages where girls involved are not matured to carry out family responsibilities but were still pushed into marriage due to one reason or the other. This seminar paper aims at study a topic which is seen as a social problem in contemporary Nigeria Society. In the course of study. We will try to expantiate on the historical background of early child marriage, causes, effects and recommendations which will positively help in the reduction of early child marriage rate in Nigeria. DEFINITION According To UNICEP(2011) Child marriage is defined as a formal or informal union or marriage before the age of 18. While child marriage affects both sexes, girls are disproportionately affected as they are the majority of the victims. Child marriage is now widely recognized as a result of the practice the child bride is often deprived of her basic right to health, education, development and equality. Tradition, religion and poverty continue to fuel the practice of child marriage, despite its strong association with adverse reproductive health outcomes and the lack of education of girls. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE Before modern history child marriage was a common practice found everywhere in the world. With the advent of 20th century, the practice began to be questioned, discouraged by a majority but not all governments and child marriage practice has been declining across the world. In ancient and medieval societies, girls would be bethrothed at / or before puberty. In Greece, early wedding and early motherhood for girls was encouraged (nancy demand 1994). In ancient Rome girls married above the age 12. In the middle ages, under English civil laws that was derived from Roman laws, marriage before the age 16 were common, in imperial child marriage was the norm, according to Zhaoiz (1997) Most religions, over history influenced the marriageable age, for example Christian ecelestiastical law forbade marriage of a girl before the age of 10, because sharia law is based in part on the life and practices of muhammed the prophet. COMPARISON OF EARLY CHILD MARRIAGE (BY) AFRICAN REGION According to UNICEF, African ha the highest incidence rates of child marriage, with over 70% of girls is marrying under the ages of 18. This report is based on data that was derived from a small sample survey between 1995 and 2004. In morocco, child marriage is a common practice, in 2013, Nigeria attempted to change section 29, subsection on 4 of its laws and thereby prohibit child marriages. This was opposed by Islamic States of Nigeria, who called any attempts to prohibit early child marriage â€Å"Un- Islamic†. Christianity and Islam are practiced by roughly equal percentage of its population respectively and the country continues with personal laws from its British Colonial era laws, where child marriages are forbidden for its Christians and allowed for its Muslims. CAUSES OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE In Nigeria, which is currently facing economic difficulties and political instability age at marriage has barely risen, and in the north of the country the average age has fallen since 1990. In West Africa, as a whole a recent UNICEF study shows that economic hardship is encouraging a rise in early marriage, even among some population groups that do not normally practice it. Men are postponing marriage because of lack of resources, and parents have become anxious about the danger of their daughters becoming pregnant outside marriage. Thus any early opportunity for marriage may be seized upon pressures from child-related social stress such as increasing child slavery and trafficking, rising numbers of children on the streets, very young prostitutes and labourers, and high levels of child neglect ad abandonment, are believed to have put early child marriage on the rise. Families in refugee camps in Burundi, for example, protect their honour by marrying their daughters off as early as possible. Reports from Irag indicate that early marriage is rising there in response to poverty inflicted by the post- Gulf war, sanctions, and in Afghaqnistan, war and militarization have led to an increased number of forced marriage of young girls. Other pressure can promote early marriage in societies understress. Fear of HIV infection, for example, has encouraged men in some African contries to seek youg virgin, and therefore uninfected partners. Early marriage is one way to ensure that a wife is â€Å"protected† , or placed firmly under male control, that she is submissive to her husband and works hard for her in-laws’ household, that the children she bears are â€Å"legitimate†, and that bonds of affection between couples do not undermine the family unit. Parents may genuinegly feel that their daughters will be better off and safer with a regular male guardian. Inn conflict – northern Uganda for example , some families marry their young daughters to militia members in order to defend family honour or secure â€Å"protection† for themselves and the girl. One important impetus for marrying girls at an early age is that it helps prevent premarital sex. Many societies prize virginity before marriage and this can manifest itself in a number of practices designed to â€Å" protect† a girl from unsactioned sexual activity . other practices are also carried out to â€Å"control† e. g in North – East Africa and parts of the middle East in particular the practice of female genital mutiliation (FGM) – surgically restricting entry to the vagina or removing the clitoris, to restrict sexual pleasure and temptation. These practices are all intended to shield the girl from male sexual intention, but in the eyes of concerned parents, marriage is seen to offer the ultimate â€Å"protective† measure. EFFECTS OF EARLY GIRL CHILD MARRIAGE Young girls may endure misery as a result of early marriage and he number of those who would seek help, if they though it existed, is possible to calculate. One thing is clear, the impact or effect of early girl child marriage is under ranging. Within a rights perspective, three key aspects are:? The denial of childhood and adolescence. ? The curtailment of personal freedom and the lack of opportunity to develop a full sense of selfhood as well as the denial of psychosocial and emotional well-being, reproductive health and educational opportunity. Early marriage also has implications for the well-being of families, and for society as a whole, where girls are uneducated and ill-prepared for their roles as mothers and contributors to the society. The next few paragraphs will give a more inndepth insight into same of the effects. PSYCHOSOCIAL EFFECT The loss of adolescence, the forced sexual relations and the denial of freedom and personal development attendant on early marriage have profound psychosocial and emotional consequences. Most girls who are unhappy in an imposed marriage are very isolated. They have nobody to talk to as they are surrounded by people who endorse their situation. In Ethiopia, inter-African committee researches were struck by the lack of interest from elders in the traumas suffered by young girls as a result of early marriages, premature sex and child bearing. These traumas were regarded as an â€Å"unavoidable part of life† girls who run home to their parents may be beaten and sent back to their husbands. Distress is generally endured in silence. The child bride who is widowed at a yong age can suffer (social inequities). Widows suffer loss of status and they, along with their children, are often denied property rights, and a range of other human rights. In parts of Africa, Nigeria inclusive, a widow is remarried to a brother-in-law to provide economic and social support. If the widow resists, she may be cast out by the family. Child widows with little education and no means of earning are especially powerless. ADOLESCENT HEALTH AND REPRODUCTION The risks of early pregnancy and child birth are well documented increased like mortality. Increase risk of premature labour, complications during delivery low birth, weight, and a higher chance that the newborn will not survive pregnancy related deaths are the leading cause of mortality for 15-19 year old girls worldwide. Mothers in this age group face a 20 to 100 percent greater chance of dying in pregnancy than women aged 20 to 24 some specific local studies show worse outcomes for the very young mother in Zaria, Nigeria, national mortalities among women. Younger than 16 was found to be six times higher than for women aged 20 – 24 and similar findings have been reported from high rates of vesico – vagita fistula (VVF) are clearly, dentified with marriage and child bearing in the 10-15 year old age group. Mothers whose pelvis and birth canal are not fully developed often endure very prolonged labour. Unless the mother receives emergency obstetric care, relentless pressure from the baby’s skull can damage the birth canal, causing breakages in the wall, allowing uncontrollable leakage from the bladder in the vagina. The prevalence of VVF is not fully known, but WHO the world health organization estimates that there are two million women living with fistulas and an additional 50,000,000,000 new cases every year, many of which go in treated. In Nigeria , where the condition affects around 150,000 women, 80 -90 percent of wives with V V F are divorced by their husbands. Infant mortality rate, denial of education are results of early pregnancy in young mothers of early pregnancy in young mothers. The UK working group on forced marriage found that many of the victims of this practice suffered from prolonged domestic violence, but felt unable to leave the marriage because of economic pressures, lack of family support and other social circumstances. Most available information on violent abuse is anecdotal consisting of interviews with girls who have suffered trauma as a result of their marriages. A study in Jordan, published in 2000 found that 26 percent of reported cases of domestic violence were committed against wives under 18. Early marriage is often linked to wife abandonment as shown by its association with divorce and separation. Violent behavior towards a wife, including coercive sex, plays a major role in marital breakdown. Divorce or abandonment often plunges a woman into poverty, as she usually assumes sole responsibilities for dependent children. If she married young is under-educated and has few income generating skills, her poverty may be acute. In Mexico, young mothers are six times more likely to be living in poverty that those who postponed childbearing. This early marriage contributes to the â€Å"Feminization of Poverty† and its resulting impact on children. RECOMMENDATIONS PREVENTION AND CONTROL. Knowing the cause of early girl child marriage, we can say it can be prevented and controlled through the following. ? Better health care system for all citizen, affordability and accessibility of education in areas which early girl child marriage is predominant. ? Elimination of gender gaps in school enrollment. ? Massive enlightenment campaign on family planning and giving birth to he number if children one can cater for. ? Public awareness should be created, about the dangers inherent in child marriages as a violation of girls human appropriate legislations put in place to punish offenders ? Advocacy NURSING IMPLICATION 1. ADVOCACY Nurses an serve as advocates for victims or young girls who are about to be forced into marriage . 2. HEALTH EDUCATION Nurses can give health talk on family planning to couples to only give birth to children they can cater for, so as to reduce the prevalence of early child marriage. 3. COUNSELING Nurses can serve as counselors to victims. They can assist them to come out of their problems and help them to make decisions that would be of benefit to them and children, if any. 4. SUPPORT GROUP Women or girls who have gone through or experienced early child marriage can form a group to give moral support to one another. SUMMARY Definition of early child marriage, rates of practice in developing countries including Nigeria, how early child marriage came to be and the rate in reduction over time, have all been analyzed. Also, we made comparison of early child marriage in Nigeria with morocco as a country in Africa and how it is practiced mostly by Islamic states compared to Christianity. The causes of early child marriage as well as its effect was duely emphasized on as these are the main contents of the practice. They are wide ranging and impactful on either the decrease or increase in incidents rate of early child marriage. Some of the causes and effects we mentioned are poverty, protection of child, denial of education, pregnancy and child birth complications amongst others. Finally, we gave our recommendations to preventions and control of this practice which is killing innocent girls and rubbing most of them off their future, and the future of Nigeria. CONCLUSION The imposition of a marriage partner on children or adolescents who are in no way ready for marriage and who marriage will deprive of freedom opportunity for personal development and other rights including health and well being, education and participation in civic life, nullifies the meaning of the core protection for those concerned unless measures are taken to address early marriage , it will remain a major stumbling block to the achievement of human rights. This seminar is intended merely as a starting point, drawing more attention to a practice that has been neglected by both women and children’s right campaigners in recent decades. It is hoped that it will provide an incentive for a campaign to prevent early marriage and end the silent misery of millions of girls in many countries around the world, to open up new horizons for them, and contributes to the development of politics programmes and advocacy to bring this about or to reality. REFERENCES A CHOICE BY RIGHT: the Report of the working group on forced marriage (2000), UK Government, home office. Abrahams I. (2005) Jewish life in the middle age root ledge (183-189) Angela H. (2001) early marriage: child spouses. The innocent digests (7) 10-14. Ayres, B. Drummond (2000), marriages advised in some youth pregnancies, New York times. Black Maggie (2000) growing up alone: The hidden cost of poverty, UNICEF UK. Causes of early child marriage, retrieved from: www. Forwarduk. org. uk Child marriage retrieved from : en. m. wikipedia org/wikil CRIN, Rabat (2011) Morrocco: underage marriages increase. Definition of child marriage, retrieved from: ww. ask. com Ini eicott (2013) Nigeria : Senate denies child marriage wrong doings, says law may be revisited . All Africa premium times. Mensah, Barbara S. Judith Bruce and Margaret S. Greene (2002) The uncharted passage: Girls Adolescence in the developing world, the population Council, New work. UNICEF (2000), Personal communication, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic UNICEF (2011_ child marriage Zhao Z. (2001) Demographic system in historic CLMA, Australian Population Association 14 (2) 201 232